Guan YeAnalysis of 200 Knowledge Test Questions
1. Generally speaking, a drug can be prepared in multiple dosage forms with the same pharmacological effects, but different administration routes may produce different curative effects: ① Different dosage forms change the action properties of the drug; ② Different dosage forms change the action speed of the drug; ③ Different dosage forms change the adverse reactions of drugs; ④ Some dosage forms can produce targeted effects; ⑤ Some dosage forms affect the efficacy.
2 Pharmaceutical science is a comprehensive technical discipline that studies the basic theory, prescription design, preparation technology, quality control and rational application of pharmaceutical preparations.
3. The same dosage form changes the action properties of the drug. Most drugs remain unchanged after changing the dosage form, but some drugs can change the action properties. For example, the oral dosage form of magnesium sulfate is used as a laxative, but intravenous infusion of 5% injection can Inhibits the central nervous system of the brain and has sedative and antispasmodic effects. 4. Injections, aerosols, sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, etc. can avoid the first-pass effect of the liver, gastrointestinal pH and enzymes on drug degradation and drug stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, and improve bioavailability. .
5. Over-the-counter drugs do not require a prescription from a licensed physician or licensed assistant physician. Consumers can make their own decisions about the drugs they purchase and use. After selection by experts, it will be approved and announced by the State Food and Drug Administration. The packaging of over-the-counter drugs must be printed with the nationally designated over-the-counter drug proprietary logo. Over-the-counter drugs are also called “drugs available over the counter” (OTC for short) abroad. At present, OTC has become the abbreviation of global over-the-counter drugs.
6. The factors affecting the dissolution rate can be analyzed according to the Noyes-Whitney equation
7. In addition to being used for solubilization and emulsification, surfactants are also commonly used as suspending agents, foaming and defoaming agents, detergents, disinfectants or bactericides.
8. Tween-based HLB value is between 10.5 and 16.7, which is an O/W emulsifier.
A. Lanolin – natural emulsifier (W/O type)
B. Stearyl alcohol——W/O emulsifier
C. Calcium stearate – lubricant
D. Tween-80——O/W emulsifier
E. Glyceryl monostearate—W/O type auxiliary emulsifier
9. HLB=（5.16+6.68）/1=11.84
10. Heterogeneous liquid preparation: It is an unstable multi-phase dispersion system, including the following types: ① Sol agent is also called hydrophobic colloid solution; ② Heterogeneous dispersion system formed by insoluble liquid drugs dispersed in the dispersion medium It is called an emulsion; ③ A non-uniform dispersion system formed by insoluble solid drugs dispersed in a particulate state in a dispersion medium is called a suspension.
11. Syrups are easily contaminated by microorganisms, and preservatives should be added to low-concentration syrups.
12. Solution refers to a clear liquid preparation formed by dissolving the drug in a solvent. Additives such as cosolvents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, and colorants can be added as needed.
13. Any poorly soluble drugs that cannot be completely dissolved in a given volume of solvent at the required dose, or drugs that taste unpleasant, are difficult to swallow, or drugs whose solubility is reduced when the two solutions are mixed, as well as drugs that have long-acting effects Or to improve the stability of drugs in aqueous solutions, suspensions can be designed. However, for the sake of uniformity and safety, drugs with small doses and drugs with low toxicity should not be made into suspensions.
15. Mixture refers to an oral liquid preparation containing one or more pharmaceutical ingredients using water as the solvent.
16. Injections for intravenous injection and spinal injection should be equal to or close to the plasma osmotic pressure. Otherwise, hypotonic solutions will cause red blood cells to rupture and hemolysis; hypertonic solutions will cause red blood cells to shrink.
17. The pH requirement is equal to or close to that of blood (blood pH is about 7.4), and is generally controlled within the range of 4 to 9
18. High temperature method; acid-base method; adsorption method; ion exchange method; gel filtration method; ultrafiltration method
Note: Pyrogens are small in size, ranging from 1 to 5nm. They can pass through ordinary filters, and even microporous membranes cannot intercept them.
19. Sterile powder for injection, also known as powder, refers to a sterile powder or sterile block made from drugs that is prepared into a clear solution or uniform suspension with a suitable sterile solution before use. , it can be prepared with a suitable injection solvent and then injected, or it can be prepared with intravenous infusion and then intravenously dripped.
21. Impact crusher: The main force of impact crusher on materials is impact force. It is suitable for brittle and tough materials as well as medium crushing, fine crushing, ultra-fine crushing, etc. It is widely used, so it has the title of “universal crusher” ” known as. Its typical crushing structures include hammer type and impact column type.
22. Implantable tablets: sterile tablets are implanted under the skin and slowly release the drug, maintaining the efficacy for weeks, months or even years. For example, contraceptive implants have achieved good results. Not a dosage form for oral administration.
23. Effervescent tablets: tablets containing effervescent disintegrants. The so-called effervescent disintegrant refers to a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and organic acids such as citric acid. When exposed to water, the two react to produce a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, causing the tablet to rapidly disintegrate.
24. The implant does not pass through the gastrointestinal tract, so the first-pass effect can be avoided.
25. Dispersible tablets refer to tablets that can quickly disintegrate and disperse evenly in water (it can disintegrate and disperse in water at 21°C ± 10°C in 3 minutes and pass through a sieve with a pore size of 180 μm). The drug in dispersible tablets should be poorly soluble. The dispersible tablets can be dispersed with water and taken orally. The dispersible tablets can also be sucked or swallowed by sucking or swallowing the dispersible tablets in the mouth. Dispersible tablets should undergo dissolution testing.
26. Enteric coatingSulfone, miscible with water and ethanol
175. Sterilization: Except for injections produced by aseptic operations, general injections must be sterilized as soon as possible after filling, usually no more than 12 hours, to reduce bacterial reproduction.
176. The surface-active part of anionic surfactants is anion. Including higher fatty acid salts (soaps), sulfates and sulfonates, etc.
177. A. Soap – anionic surfactant
B. Soybean lecithin—zwitterionic surfactant
C. Tween 80 – nonionic surfactant
D. Benzalkonium bromide – cationic surfactant
E. Poloxamer – nonionic surfactant
178. The nearly saturated aqueous solution of pure sucrose is called simple syrup or syrup, with a concentration of 85% (g/ml) or 64.7% (g/g). The simple syrup does not contain any drugs, except for the preparation of medicated syrups. , generally used as flavoring syrups, such as orange peel syrup, ginger syrup, etc., and sometimes used as suspending agents, such as codeine phosphate syrup, etc.
179. The nearly saturated aqueous solution of pure sucrose is called simple syrup or syrup, with a concentration of 85% (g/ml) or 64.7% (g/g).
180. Sol agent refers to a non-uniform liquid dispersion system formed by fine particles of solid drugs dispersed in water, also known as colloidal solution.
181. The substances used as suspending agents are generally viscous substances, and syrup is a low-molecular suspending agent. Sodium tartrate, potassium citrate, and phosphate are salts of organic acids and cannot be used as suspending agents, but can only be used as flocculants. Tween 80 is a surfactant and used as a wetting agent.
182. The electrolyte that reduces the Zeta potential of particles is a flocculant.
The electrolyte that increases the Zeta potential of the particles is a deflocculant.
183. Gargles refer to liquid preparations used for throat and oral hygiene. Used for cleaning, deodorizing, antiseptic, astringent and anti-inflammatory of the oral cavity. Generally, aqueous solutions of drugs are used, which may also contain a small amount of glycerin and ethanol. An appropriate amount of coloring agent is often added to the solution to indicate external use as a mouthwash and not swallowing.
184. The elimination method can be used to select.
185. Disodium edetate is a metal ion chelating agent.
Antioxidant auxiliaries, they are usually chelating agents, which have small antioxidant effects themselves, but can enhance the effect of antioxidants by preferentially reacting with metal ions. Such auxiliary antioxidants include citric acid, tartaric acid, EDTA and mercaptodipropionic acid.
186. The preparation process of freeze-dried powder can be divided into several processes such as pre-freezing, decompression, sublimation, and drying.
187. Absorption pathways of ophthalmic drugs:
Corea→anterior chamber→iris
Conjunctiva→sclera→back of eyeball
188. The particle size requirements vary depending on the use of the powder. Generally, the fine powder content that can pass through No. 6 sieve (100 mesh, 125 μm) is not less than 95%; insoluble drugs, astringents, adsorbents, etc. The content of fine powder that can pass through No. 7 sieve (120 mesh, 150 μm) for pharmaceutical, pediatric or external use powder shall be no less than 95%; all ophthalmic powders shall pass through No. 9 sieve (200 mesh, 75 μm), etc.
189. Pyrogen is generally checked only for injections.
190. Nitroglycerin is often made into sublingual tablets.
191. Binders refer to auxiliary materials that impart viscosity to materials that have no viscosity or insufficient viscosity, thereby causing the materials to coalesce into granules.
192. Commonly used disintegrants for tablets include: dry starch, carboxymethyl starch sodium (CMS-Na), low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), croscarmellose sodium (CC -Na), cross-linked povidone (also known as cross-linked PVPP), effervescent disintegrant, etc.
193. Liquid drugs can also be made into capsules. Capsules have the following characteristics: ① They can mask the bad smell of drugs and improve drug stability. ② The drugs in capsules are directly filled into the capsule shell in the form of powder or granules and are not affected by pressure and other factors. Therefore, they are quickly dispersed, dissolved and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally, their efficacy is higher than that of pills and pills. Tablets and other dosage forms. ③Conversion of liquid drugs into solid dosage forms. ④It can delay the release of drugs and localize drug release.
194. Since the main material of the capsule shell is water-soluble gelatin, the filled drug cannot be an aqueous solution or a dilute ethanol solution to prevent the capsule wall from melting. Filling with drugs that are easy to dry out can soften the capsule wall. Filling with drugs that are easy to deliquesce can make the capsule wall brittle. Therefore, drugs with these properties are generally not suitable to be made into capsules. After the capsule shell dissolves in the body, the local dose is very large, so easily soluble irritating drugs should not be made into capsules.
195. There are two types of emulsion bases: oil-in-water (O/W) type and water-in-oil (W/O) type.
196. There are two types of emulsion bases: oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). The role of the emulsifier plays a major role in the type of emulsion matrix formed.
197. The ratio of the weight of the drug to the weight of the matrix of the same volume is called the replacement price of the drug for the matrix.
198. There are two basic methods for preparing suppositories, namely the cold pressing method and the hot melt method.
199. Propellants are the driving force for spraying drugs, and sometimes they also act as solvents for drugs. Most propellants are liquefied gases, with boiling points lower than room temperature under normal pressure. Therefore, it needs to be installed in a pressure-resistant container and controlled by a valve system. When the valve is opened, the pressure of the propellant is used to spray the liquid in the container into a mist and reach the application site. In the past, chlorofluorocarbons were the most commonly used propellants in aerosols, but relevant international organizations have now requested that their use be discontinued. Currently, the propellants available for aerosols include hydrofluoroalkane, dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons and compressed gas.
200. Propellants are needed to prepare aerosols; sprays generally use a hand pump or high-pressure gas to release the contents in the form of mist.
Or use high-pressure gas to release the contents in the form of mist.
