Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Background and Overview】
Clonopyridine is a pyridine compound that has extensive anti-coccidial effects and can be used for coccidiosis in poultry and rabbits. , also known as dichlorodimethylpyridinol, clopidol). It is a white or off-white powder, very slightly soluble in methanol or ethanol, insoluble in water, acetone, ether, and benzene. It is generally used for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in poultry and rabbits. Because it only inhibits the development of coccidia, it also has a significant inhibitory effect on the body’s immunity. Therefore, it must be used continuously and not discontinued hastily. The European Union, the United States, Japan, and China have all stipulated and continuously revised the maximum limit standards for clopramine residues in various animal tissues. They all stipulate that the residue level in poultry meat tissue is 5 μg/kg, and the residue level in sodium bicarbonate in poultry livers is 5 μg/kg. is 15μg/kg. Clopidol is one of the most widely used anticoccidial drugs in China and is also used internationally. Chloropyridine has good effects on the prevention and control of 9 species of Eimeria in chickens, and it has the strongest therapeutic effect on Eimeria tenella. The peak effect is mainly in the spore development stage, which can stop the development of sporozoites in epithelial cells for up to 60 days. Recently, it was also found that it has an inhibitory effect on the second generation of schizotypy, gametogenesis and sporulation.
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? [Pharmacological effects and mechanism of action] [3]
Cloxypyridine belongs to the pyridine compound and has a wide range of anti-coccidial effects. The peak effect is mainly during the sporozoite development stage, that is, on the first day after infection, it can stop the development of sporozoites in epithelial cells for about 60 days; it has an inhibitory effect on the second generation of fission reproduction, gametogenesis and spore formation. . This product is effective against tender, poisonous, Brucella, giant, heap-type, and mild Eimeria precoccus in chickens, especially against Eimeria tenella. Since clopramine only has an inhibitory effect on coccidia, sporozoites can re-develop and grow after discontinuation of the drug. Premature discontinuation of the drug often leads to an outbreak of coccidiosis and can significantly reduce the host’s immunity to coccidia. Coccidia are easily resistant to this product, and in recent years it is almost not used to treat coccidiosis. However, this product has strong anti-leukoprotozoal effect, so it has been widely used to prevent and treat poultry leukoprotozoa. Chloropyridine was mixed-fed at 125 mg/kg. Two days after stopping the drug, the residual amount in chicken tissue dropped to less than 100 μg/kg.
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Purpose】
It has good effects on 9 species of Eimeria in chickens, especially Eimeria tenella. The peak activity period is the sporozoite stage (i.e. the first day of infection), so it can be administered before infection or at the same time as infection, and it is more suitable as a preventive drug or early treatment drug. There is data that proves that clopiridine can inhibit the immunity of chickens to coccidia. If the drug is stopped too early, it often leads to an outbreak of coccidiosis. It is currently believed that coccidia are prone to develop resistance to this product. This product also has a certain control effect on rabbit coccidia.
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Usage and Dosage】
Premix: Contains 25% chlorpyridine.
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Notes】
1. Because this product inhibits the immunity of chickens to coccidia, the drug cannot be stopped midway during the entire brooding period; it should not be used in laying hens and breeding broilers. Since this product is more likely to produce drug-resistant insect species or strains, other anti-coccidioidal drugs must be used in planned rotation. The combined use of clopiridine and benzoxyquin methyl has a certain synergistic effect.
2. Drug withdrawal period: 5 days for chickens and 5 days for rabbits.
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Preparation】
Method 1: Use diketene as raw material, react under the action of catalyst (sodium phenolate, sodium hydroxide) at 75-80°C to generate dehydroacetic acid, which will be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions after filtration. , generates 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-pyrone, which is further ammoniated with ammonium hydroxide to generate 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridine, which can be further chlorinated to obtain chloropyridine [1]:
Method 2: Using ethyl acetoacetate as raw material, dealcoholization and condensation at 220~230℃ can produce dehydroacetic acid, and then ammonolyze the dehydroacetic acid under pressure to generate lutidine phenol. Finally, by chlorination, chloropyridine can be obtained [1]:
Method 3: Using dehydroacetic acid as raw material, react with ammonium hydroxide to generate an intermediate imine compound. The intermediate compound is decarboxylated and rearranged in a dimethylformamide solution to generate 2,6-dimethyl-4- Pyridinol, finally chlorinated, can produce pyridine [1]:
Method 4: After using the above method to prepare the intermediate imine compound, it is further treated with ammonium hydroxide, part of which generates 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinol, and part of which generates 2,6-dimethyl-4 – Hydroxy-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, the former can be obtained by chlorination, and the latter can be decarboxylated by heating to 300°C to produce 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridine, which can also be obtained by chlorination. Hydroxypyridine:
Is clopyridine effective against rabbit coccidiosis? 【Main reference materials】
[1] Wang Qiuyan; Lin Weixuan; Zhang Ning; Qin Chaoqiu. Standard sample and preparation of clomid in chickenPreparation method and application CN201610971679.8, application date 2016-11-04
[2] Nie Yuemei; Wang Xianyu; Cui Zhiwen; Zhang Lijia. A clodroxypyridine sustained-release microgranule preparation and its preparation method. CN201510483263.7, application date 2015-08-04
[3] Chloropyridine. Commonly used poultry drugs and their rational use
[4] Chloropyridine. New Practical Veterinary Drug Manual
[5] Chloropyridine. Ferroceneboric acid Dictionary of Practical Fine Chemicals
